Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are essential elements of striatal circuits and functions. Although acetylcholine signaling via muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) has been well studied, more recent data indicate that postsynaptic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) located on striatal GABAergic interneurons (GINs) are equally critical. One example is that CIN stimulation induces large disynaptic inhibition of striatal projection neurons (SPNs) mediated by nAChR activation of GINs. Although these circuits are ideally positioned to modulate striatal output, the neurons involved are not definitively identified because of an incomplete mapping of CINs-GINs interconnections. Here, we show that CINs modulate four GINs populations via an intricate mechanism involving co-activation of presynaptic and postsynaptic mAChRs and nAChRs. Using optogenetics, we demonstrate the participation of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing GINs in the disynaptic inhibition of SPNs via heterotypic electrical coupling with neurogliaform interneurons. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of CINs in regulating GINs microcircuits via complex synaptic/heterosynaptic mechanisms.

Voltage imaging has emerged as a powerful tool for recording membrane potential changes in living cells, offering a direct measurement of rapid neuronal events with high temporal precision. Since the brain is a three-dimensional circuit, it is essential to record signals across a volume. However, achieving effective three-dimensional voltage imaging over large neuronal populations remains challenging due to the need for high imaging speed, high signal-to-noise ratio, and extensive volume coverage. In this study, we demonstrate in vivo three-dimensional voltage imaging in larval zebrafish using oblique plane microscopy and QFDBD-QUAS-driven expression of the genetically encoded voltage indicator Ace-mNeon2-Kv2.1, achieving volumetric imaging rates of up to 200 volumes per second (VPS). This approach enables dye-free voltage imaging, simplifying experimental workflows and improving the reproducibility of in vivo voltage imaging experiments for investigating neuronal circuit dynamics in the living zebrafish animal model.

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is essential in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Recent studies highlight the significance of interactions between ACh and various neuromodulators in regulating complex behaviors. The ability to simultaneously image ACh and other neuromodulators can provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms underlying these behaviors. Here we developed a series of red fluorescent G-protein-coupled receptor activation-based ACh sensors, with a wide detection range and expanded spectral profile. The high-affinity sensor rACh1h reliably detects ACh release in various brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus and cortex. Moreover, rACh1h can be coexpressed with green fluorescent sensors to record ACh release together with other neurochemicals in various behavioral contexts using fiber photometry, mesoscopic imaging and two-photon imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution.

Basal Ganglia Advances is a collection highlighting research on the structure, function, and disorders of the basal ganglia. It features studies spanning neuroscience, clinical insights, and computational models, serving as a hub for advances in movement, cognition, and behavior.

Recent advances in the field of Voltage Imaging, with a special focus on new constructs and novel implementations.

Work related to place tuning, spatial navigation, orientation and direction. Mainly includes articles on connectivity in the hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and related areas.

To investigate the clinicopathological features, immunophenotype, and molecular characteristics of sweat gland carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation (SCAND). Three cases of SCAND diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China from June 2022 to June 2025 were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (EnVision method) were performed to characterize morphologic and immunophenotypic features. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was utilized to explore their molecular pathological characteristics. All three patients were male, aged 67, 63, and 48 years, respectively. The primary tumors presented as solitary nodules or masses located in the lower abdomen, anterior chest wall, or inguinal region, with a maximum diameter of 2.0, 1.3, and 1.8 cm, respectively. Histologically, the tumors were situated primarily within the dermis, invading the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, with focal mucin production. The tumor cells were arranged in nests, cords, and sieve-like patterns, exhibiting mild to moderate atypia. The nuclei were round to oval with coarsely granular chromatin and relatively inconspicuous nucleoli, accompanied by eosinophilic cytoplasm. Mitotic figures were scarce. All cases were positive for CK7, GATA3, TRPS1, Ber-EP4, epithelial membrane antigen, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the neuroendocrine markers of synaptophysin and chromogranin A. The tumors were negative for p40 and HER2. The Ki-67 proliferation index ranged from 2% to 30%. Multiple class Ⅲ and Ⅳ variants were identified by NGS analysis in cases 1 and 2. In case 3, a class Ⅱ variant, specifically an SF3B1 missense mutation, was identified along with multiple class Ⅲ and Ⅳ variants. Additionally, multiple germline variants were detected in all three cases, while none of them were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic. The patients were followed up for 13, 37 and 155 months, respectively. Metastases were detected 6, 36, and 96 months after diagnosis. Case 2 showed local metastasis, while cases 1 and 3 developed multiple nodal and bone metastases. SCAND is a rare cutaneous adnexal neoplasm characterized by co-expression of sweat gland and neuroendocrine markers. Despite low-grade morphology, it follows a non-indolent clinical course warranting close clinical attention.

To investigate the associations of aberrant CD10 expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis of marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). A retrospective analysis was conducted on 13 cases of MZL with aberrant CD10 expression, diagnosed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China between April 2015 and July 2024. Clinical features, morphological findings, immunohistochemical profiles, and molecular testing results were analyzed. The patients were also assessed via telephone follow-up. There were 7 male and 6 female patients, aged 55.0 (51.5,70.0) years on average. Subtypes comprised 10 extranodal MZLs of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (EMZL), 2 splenic MZLs (SMZL), and 1 nodal MZL (NMZL). Histologically, tumor cells exhibited diffuse (10 cases) or nodular (3 cases) growth patterns. In all three nodular cases, the proportion of CD10-positive cells was 50% or higher. Under high-power magnification, most cases (12 of 13 cases) were dominated by proliferation of small lymphocyte-like cells. One case was characterized by a mixed proliferation of monocytoid B cells and small lymphocyte-like cells. Histological features included follicular colonization (8 cases) and lymphoepithelial lesions (2 gastric cases and 2 pulmonary cases). Plasma cell differentiation was observed in 10 cases (9 EMZLs and 1 NMZL) and scattered interstitial hemosiderin deposits were seen in 7 cases (5 EMZLs and 2 SMZLs). Immunophenotypically, tumor cells expressed CD20 (13/13 cases), CD79α (11/13 cases), and bcl-2 (12/13 cases), whereas CD3, bcl-6, and Cyclin D1 were all negative. All 13 cases were positive for CD10, with the proportion of positive cells ranging from 5% to 80%. Among them, 6 cases exhibited CD10 positivity in less than 50% of tumor cells, and 7 cases showed CD10 positivity in 50% or more of tumor cells. The Ki-67 proliferation index ranged from approximately 5% to 30%. Molecular testing revealed monoclonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in 2 cases, MALT-1 gene break in one EMZL case, and no bcl-2 gene break in 10 MZL cases. Follow-up durations ranged from 11 to 122 months. Favorable post-treatment outcomes were observed in all 13 patients. MZL with aberrant CD10 expression is a rare variant, demonstrating clinicopathological features similar to conventional MZL and a generally favorable prognosis. Its immunophenotype may mimic other CD10-positive small B-cell lymphomas, particularly follicular lymphoma. An accurate diagnosis appears to require integration of histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings to avoid misdiagnosis.